Optical bonding with fast sol-gel

R. Gvishi; M. Pokrass; G. Strum

doi:10.2971/jeos.2009.09026

Journal of the European Optical Society - Rapid publications, Vol 4 (2009)

Optical bonding with fast sol-gel

R. Gvishi, M. Pokrass, G. Strum

Abstract

We investigate here the properties of fast sol-gel for optical bonding. The precursors of the fast sol-gel material are organically modified alkoxides generating a transparent hybrid (organic-inorganic) substance with silica glass-like properties whose index of refraction can be modified by the addition of various metal-oxides. The fast sol-gel method consists of rapid fabrication of a viscous resin and its subsequent dilution for long shelf life use. This material, when used as an adhesive offers the option of either a thermal or UV curing procedure. We demonstrate a bonding strength of ~ 10 MPa when a 15 Âµm layer is applied between two glass elements. The bonding remained stable after an extensive -40ÂºC â€“ 120ÂºC temperature cycling with minimal residual solvent evaporation at 150ÂºC. The fast sol-gel material was tested for optical bonding between silica bulks, between silica bulk and silicon wafers and as an adhesive in silica fibre couplers.

Full Text: PDF

Citation Details

Cite this article

References

F. Twyman, Prism and Lens making 2nd ed. (Hilger & Watts, London, 1952).

J. R. Wimperis and S. F. Johnston, "Optical cements for interferometric applications" Appl. Opt. 23, 1145 (1984).

C. Park, S. Lee, J. H. Lee, J. Lim, S. G. Lee, M. Park, S. S. Lee, J. Kim, C. R. Park, and C. Kim, "Controlled assembly of carbon nanotubes encapsulated with amphiphilic block copolymer" Carbon 45, 2072 (2007).

H. Zhao, Z. Fu, Y. X. Wu, and Y. Z. Zhao, "Design and implementation of an auto bonding manufacturing process for space solar cells" Mater. Manuf. Process. 22, 851 (2007).

J. Haisma and G. A. Spierings, "Contact bonding, including directbonding in a historical and recent context of materials science and technology, physics and chemistry: Historical review in a broader scope and comparative outlook" Mat. Sci. Eng. R. 37, 1 (2002).

O. M. Akelsen, "Diffusion bonding of ceramics" J. Mater. Sci. 27, 569 (1992).

A. Plossi and G. Krauter, "Wafer direct bonding: tailoring adhesion between brittle materials" Mat. Sci. Eng. R. 25, 1 (1999).

V. Greco, F. Marchesini, and G. Molesini, "Optical contact and van der Waals interactions: the role of the surface topography in determining the bonding strength of thick glass plates" J. Opt. A-Pure Appl. Opt. 3, 85 (2001).

B. Rubinstein, S. M. Jackel, R. Feldman, and Y. Shimony, "Effect of interactivity diffusion-bonded optical elements on laser performance", Proc. SPIE 5460, 141 (2004).

S. Sivasankar and S. Chu, "Optical Bonding Using silica nanoparticale sol-gel chemistry" Nano lett. 7, 3031 (2007).

M. Keranen, M. Gnyba, P. Raerinne, T. Kololuoma, A. Maaninen, and J. T. Rantala, "Synthesis and Characterization of Optical Sol- Gel Adhesive for Military Protective Polycarbonate Resin" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 31, 369 (2004).

Boeing and Wright-Patterson Air Force base, "Sol-Gel adhesive bonding of metals - AC-130", US patent 5807430 (1998).

L. C. Klein, Sol-Gel Technology For Thin Films, Performs, Electronics, and Specialty Shapes (Noyes, New Jersey, 1988).

C. J. Brinker and G. W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990).

L. C. Klein, Sol-Gel Optics: Processing and Applications (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1993).

Y. Sorek, R. Reisfeld, I. Finkelstein, and S. Ruschin, "Light amplification in a dye-doped glass planar waveguide" Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1169 (1995).

W. Que, Y. Zhou, Y. L. Lam, Y. C. Chan, H. T. Tan, and C. H. Kam, "Sol-gel processed silica/titania/ÿ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane composite materials for photonic applications" J. Electron. Mater. 29, 1052 (2000).

W. Que, Y. Zhou, Y. L. Lam, Y. C. Chan, and C. H. Kam, "Optical and microstructural properties of sol-gel derived titania/organically modified silane thin films" Thin Solid Films 358, 16 (2000).

P. Innocenzi, A. Martucci, M. Guglielmi, L. Armelao, S. Pelli, G. C. Righini, and G. C. Battaglin, "Optical and surface properties of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic silica-titania sol-gel planar waveguides" J. Non-Cryst. Solids 259, 182 (1999).

C. C. Chang and W. C. Chen, "High-refractive-index thin films prepared from aminoalkoxysilane-capped pyromellitic dianhydridetitania hybrid materials" J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 39, 3419 (2001).

L. H. Lee and W. C. Chen, "High-Refractive-Index Thin Films Prepared from Trialkoxysilane-Capped Poly(methyl methacrylate)- Titania Materials" Chem. Mater. 13, 1137 (2001).

M. Ojha, W. N. Gill, Plawsky, and W. Cho, "Fabrication of ultrathin (100nm), low-index nanoporous silica films for photonic devices: Role of substrate adhesion on the film thickness" J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 24, 1109 (2006).

B. S. Bae, "High Photosensitive Sol-Gel Hybrid Materials for Direct Photo-Imprinting of Micro-Optics" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 31, 309 (2004).

H. Dislich, "Thin films from the sol-gel process" in Sol-Gel technology for thin films, fibers, preforms, electronics, and specialty shapes, L. C. Klein, ed., Chapter 4 (Noyes, New Jersey, 1988).

R. Gvishi and R. Reisfeld, "Spectroscopy of laser dye oxazine-170 in sol-gel glasses" J. Non-Cryst. Solids 128, 69 (1991).

R. Gvishi, G. Strum, N. Shitrit, and R. Dror, "Optical waveguide fabrication using a fast sol-gel method" Opt. Mater. 30, 1755 (2008).

R. Gvishi, A. Englander, and G. Peleg, "Multi-parameter evaluation of fast sol-gel process by terahertz measurements" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 48, 18 (2008).

R. Gvishi, "Fast sol-gel from fabrication to applications" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 50, 241 (2008).

N. B. Cothup, L. H. Daly, and S. E. Wiberley, Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy (Academic Press, New-York and London, 1964).

A. Fidalgo and L. M. Ilharco, "The defect structure of sol-gelderived silica/polytetrahydrofuran hybrid films by FTIR" J. Non- Cryst. Solids 283, 144 (2000).

J. Jabbour, S. Calas, S. Gatti, R. K. Kribich, M. Myara, G. Pille, P. Etienne, and Y. Moreau, "Characterization by IR spectroscopy of an hybrid sol-gel material used for photonic devices fabrication" J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 651 (2007).

D. L. Ou and A. B. Seddon, "Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy of sol-gel derived ormosils: vinyl and phenyl silicates" J. Non-Cryst. Solids 210, 187 (1997).

U. Streppel, P. Dannberg, C. Waechter, A. Braeuer, L. Froehlich, R. Houbertz, and M. Popall, "New wafer-scale fabrication method stacked optical waveguide interconnects and 3D micro-optic structures using photoresponsive (inorganic-organic hybrid) polymers" Opt. Mater. 21, 475 (2002).

R. Houbertz, G. Domann, C. Cronauer, A. Schmitt, H. Martin, J. U. Park, L. Froehlich, R. Buestrich, M. Popall, U. Streppel, P. Dannberg, C. Waechter, and A. Braeuer, "Inorganic-organic hybrid materials for application in optical devices" Thin Solid Films 442, 194 (2003).

U. Haas, A. Haase, V. Satzinger, H. Pichler, G. Leising, G. Jakopic, B. Stadlober, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, and A. Schmitt, "Hybrid polymers as tunable and directly-patternable gate dielectrics in organic thin-film transistors" Phys. Rev. B 73, 235339 (2006).

X. M. Du, T. Touam, L. Degachi, J. L. Guilbault, M. P. Andrews, and S. I. Najafi, "Sol-gel waveguide fabrication parameters: an experimental investigation" Opt. Eng. 37, 1101 (1998).

P. Gupta, P. P. Markowicz, K. Baba, J. O'reilly, M. Samoc, and P. N. Prasad, "DNA-Ormocer based biocomposite for fabrication of photonic structures" Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 213109 (2006).

Y. H. Han, A. Taylor, M. D. Mantle, and K. M. Knowles, "UV-curing of organic-inorganic hybrid coating" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 43, 111 (2007).

G. Brustatin, G. Della Giustina, M. Guglielmi, F. Romanato, P. Prosposito, M. Casalboni, and C. Palazzesi, Patternable hybrid solgel materials based on silica network modified with epoxy group, p. 75. (First Mediterranean Photonics Conference, Ischia, 25-28 June 2008).

M. Guglielmi, M. G. Brusatin, and G. D. Giustina, "Hybrid glass-like films through sol-gel techniques" J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 1681 (2007).

R. Gvishi, M. Pokrass, and G. Strum, Strong optical bonding with fast sol-gel material, p. 45. (First Mediterranean Photonics Conference, Ischia, 25-28 June 2008).

S. Yan, J. Yin, J. Yang, and X. Chen, "Structural characteristics and thermal properties of plasticized poly(l-lactide)-silica nanocomposites synthesized by sol-gel method" Mater. Lett. 61, 2683 (2007).

B. Li, Y. Hakuta, and H. Hayashi, "The synthesis of titanoniobate compound characteristic of various particle morphologies through a novel solvothermal route" Mater. Lett. 61, 3791 (2007).

P. H. Perez, T. A. Ochoa, T. Viveros, and A. Montoya, "Influence of the Synthesis Method on the Properties of Ceria-Doped Alumina" J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 37, 49 (2006).