Journal of the European Optical Society - Rapid publications, Vol 8 (2013)

Photonic crystal electrode to be used in organic LED structures

L. Petti, M. Rippa, R. Capasso, G. Nenna, A. De Girolamo Del Mauro, V. La Ferrara, A. Pacheri Madathil, C. Minarini

Abstract


In this work we report the possibility to obtain a high refractive index grid anode directly on the substrate surface by fabricating a relatively large-area photonic crystal (PC) structure using the combinations of electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. The performance of the realized photonic crystal (PC) structure were enhanced by milling the ITO layer until the glass substrate and by removing the further refractive index jump between the PC and the substrate. The good properties of highly conductive poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), ensured a continuous path for the current and a high refractive index jump for the PC structure by filling the holes in the PC structure.

© The Authors. All rights reserved. [DOI: 10.2971/jeos.2013.13002]

Full Text: PDF

Citation Details


Cite this article

References


S. Moller, and S. R. Forrest, ”Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3324 (2002).

G. Nenna, A. De Girolamo Del Mauro, E. Massera, A. Bruno, T. Fasolino, and C. Minarini, ”Optical Properties of Polystyrene-ZnO Nanocomposite Scattering Layer to Improve Light Extraction in Organic Light-Emitting Diode,” J. Nanomater. 2012, 319398 (2012).

Y. J. Lee, S.-H. Kim, J. Huh, G.-H. Kim, Y.-H. Lee, S.-H. Cho, Y.-C. Kim, and Y. Rag Do, ”A high-extraction-efficiency nanopatterned organic light-emitting diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3779 (2003).

W. Li, R. A. Jones, S. C. Allen, J. C. Heikenfeld, and A. J. Steck, ”Maximizing Alq3 OLED internal and external efficiencies: charge balanced device structure and color conversion outcoupling lenses,” J. Displ. Technol. 2-2, 143–152 (2006).

Y. Sun, and S. R. Forrest, ”Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded low-index grids,” Nat. Photon. 2, 483–487 (2008).

J. M. Lupton, B. J. Matterson, and I. D. W. Samuel, ”Bragg scattering from periodically microstructured light emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77,(21), 3340–3342 (2000)

S. Noda, M. Fujita, and T. Asano, ”Spontaneous-emission control by photonic crystals and nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics 1(8), 449–458 (2007).

Y. Rong, and W. Qing, ”High light-extraction-efficiency OLED based on photonic crystal slab structures with taper unit cells,” Optoelectron. Lett. 2(2), 86–90 (2006).

M. Boroditsky, T. F. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Vrijen, R. Bhat, and E. Yablonovitch, ”Spontaneous emission extraction and purcell enhancement from thin-film 2-D photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(8), 2096–2112 (1999).

M. Fujita, T. Ueno, T. Asano, S. Noda, H. Ohhata, T. Tsuji, H. Nakada, and N. Shimoji, ”Reduction of Operating Voltage in Organic Lightemitting Diode by Corrugated Photonic Crystal Structure,” Electron. Lett. 39, 24 (2003).

C. Tsai, L. Liao, Y. Luo, P. C. Chao, E. Chen, H. Meng, W. Chen, et al., ”Optimal design and fabrication of ITO/organic photonic crystals in polymer light-emitting diodes using a focused ion beam,” Microelectron. Eng. 87, 1331–1335 (2010).

D. Zhu, W. Shen, H. Ye, X. Liu, and H. Zhen, ”Determination of the optical constants of polymer light-emitting diode films from single,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41, 235104 (2008).

T.-W. Koh, J.-M. Choi, S. Lee, and S. Yoo, ”Optical outcoupling enhancement in organic light-emitting diodes: highly conductive polymer as a low-index layer on microstructured ITO electrodes,” Adv. Mater. 21, 1–5 (2010).

Y. Zhou, H. Cheun, S. Choi, W. J. Potscavage Jr., C. Fuentes- Hernandez, and B. Kippelen, ”Indium tin oxide-free and metal-free semitransparent organic solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153304 (2010).

A. De Girolamo Del Mauro, G. Nenna, F. Villani, and C. Minarini, ”Study of the effect of the doped poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) polymeric anode on the organic light emitting diode performances,” Thin Solid Films 520, 1653866 (2012).

H. X. Qian, W. Zhou, X. M. Li, J. M. Miao, and L. E. N. Lim, ”Appl. Time Dependent Morphological Transition and Sputtering Yield of Ion Sputtered Sn,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 5511–5515 (2007)

F. D. Egitto, ”Plasma etching and modification of organic polymers,” Pure Appl. Chem. 62-9, 1699–1708 (1990).

M. Fujita, K. Ishihara, T. Ueno, T. Asano, S. Noda, H. Ohata, T. Tsuji, H. Nakada, and N. Shimoji, ”Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals in Organic/Electrode Layers,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3669–3677 (2005).

M. Imada, S. Noda, A. Chutinan, T. Tokuda, M. Murata, and G. Sasaki, ”Coherent two-dimensional lasing action in surfaceemitting laser with triangular-lattice photonic crystal structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 316–318 (1999).

S. Noda, ”Recent Progresses and Future Prospects of Two- and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4554 (2006).

L. A. A. Pettersson, S. Ghosh, and O. Inganas, ”Optical anisotropy in thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(4-styrenesulfonate),” Org. Electron. 3, 143–148 (2002).

M. Kitamura, S. Iwamoto, and Y. Aarakawa, ”Enhanced luminance efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes with two-dimension photonic crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44-4B, 2844–2848 (2005).

K. Ishihara, M. Fujita, I. Matsubara, T. Asano, and S. Noda, ”Organic light-emitting diodes with photonic crystals on glass substrate fabricated by nanoimprint lithography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 111114 (2007).

Y.-C. Kim, S.-H. Cho, Y.-W. Song, Y.-J. Lee, Y.-H. Lee, and Y. Rag Do, ”Planarized SiNx/spin-on-glass photonic crystal organic lightemitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 173502 (2006).

K. Saxena, V. K. Jain, D. Singh Mehta, ”A review on the light extraction techniques in organic electroluminescent devices,” Opt. Mater. 32, 221–233 (2009).

C. J. Yates, I. Samuel, P. Burn, S. Wedge, and W. L. Barnes, ”Surface plasmon-polariton mediated emission from phosphorescent dendrimer light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 161105 (2006).

A. O. Altuna, S. Jeonb, J. Shima, J.-H. Jeonga, D.-G. Choia, K.-D. Kima, J.-H. Choi, et al., ”Corrugated organic light emitting diodes for enhanced light extraction,” Org. Electron. 11, 711–716 (2010).

Y.-C. Kim, S.-H. Cho, Y.-W. Song, Y.-J. Lee, Y.-H. Lee, and Y. Rag, ”Planarized SiNx/spin-on-glass photonic crystal organic lightemitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 173502 (2006).

M. Slootsky, and S. R. Forrest, ”Full-wave simulation of enhanced outcoupling of organic light-emitting devices with an embedded low-index grid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 163302 (2009).

S.-Y. Kim, and J.-J. Kim, ”Outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and the effect of ITO thickness,” Org. Electron. 11, 1010–1015 (2010).


Journal of the European Optical Society:Rapid publications - ISSN 1990-2573. JEOS:RP is subject to the EOS General Terms and Conditions.